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PHILADELPHIA : 

DUNLAP PrINTIKG COMPANY, 

130C-8-10 Filbert Street, 
1893. 



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PHILADELPHIA : 

DuNLAP Printing Company, 

1306-8-10 Filbert Street, 

1893. 




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THE LIBRARY 
OF CONGR^^S 

WASHIN 



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Copyrighted by W. E. Priest, 1893. 



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I. 

INTRODUCTORY LESSON. 



Definition of History. 

History is the story of the life of hutiianity. 

If the account deal mainly with public events, such as the doings of kings, 
wars between nations, and the contentions between political parties, it is 
Folitical History ; if, however, the recital' concern itself chiefly with the real 
inner life of the people, with the progress of art, science, literature, religion, 
and the general growth of civilization, then it becomes a History of Civili- 
zation. True history combines these two. 



Divisions of History. 

History is usually divided into three periods — Ancient, Mediseval, and 
Modern. 

Ancient history begins with the earliest nations of which we can gain any 
certain knowledge, and extends to the fall of the Eoman Empire, in 476 A.D. 

Media?val History extends from the fall of Rome to the discovery of 
America by Columbus, in 1492. 

Modern History begins with the discovery of America and comes down to 
the present time. 

Age of the Human Race. 

We do not know when man first came upon the earth. It was formerly 
thought that the world had been inhabited for about six thousand years, but 
we now know that man has been on the earth for an infinitely longer period 
than that. 

First People of Europe. 

From human bones, rude implements of stone, and other curious remains 
we know that Europe was inhabited thousands of years ago by a wild people, 
supposed to have been of the Yellow Race, who, in intelligence, particularly 
the earlier of them, were not far elevated above the animal creation. The 
descendants of the last of them may still possibly exist in the modern Es- 
quimaux. 



Like the Esquimaux, ihev were fond of carving. A great deal has been 
learned of their way of living from their rude etcliings, which, in connection 
with their otlier relics, have been found in the caves and river deposits of 
Western Europe. These carvings, roughly sketched upon antlers or bones 
and, even, stone, rejjresent reindeer, mammoths, horses, cave bears, pike, seals 
and hvinting scenes. 

Their food consisted of fish and the flesh of animals, which, when not eaten 
raw, was cooked by placing it upon hot stones, or by roasting it before a blaz- 
ing fire, the fire having been obtained by rubbing together pieces of wood or 
bits of flint. 

They made their clothes from the furs and skins of animals rudely sewn 
together. Even long fur gloves were worn, and necklaces of shells and of 
bear's and lion's teeth. 

Their most striking remains, however, are the great mounds of shells on the 
shores of the Baltic, known as Kitchen Middens. These mounds are five or 
ten feet high, and in length as much, sometimes, as a thousand feet, by one or 
two hundred feet in breadth. They are the refuse heaps of shell-fish, upon 
which these prehistoric people largely lived, the mounds being similar to 
those left by the Indians along the coasts of our own country. 

The Ibekians. 

These first people of Eui-ope were succeeded by a small-featured, darkly- 
complexioned people, who are known as Iberians. They, too, wer of the 
Yellow Kace, and are thought to have been in Europe at least as early as 
3000 B. C. To these Iberians belonged the famed Lake Dwellers of Switzer- 
land, who were a people of considerable intelligence and skill. 

Like the race that had preceded them, they were of the 8tone Age, using 
only implements of stone, which, however, by the Iberians, were finely formed. 
They built rude huts of logs and rough planks which they obtained by split- 
ting the logs of trees with wedges. Of domestic animals they liad the dog and 
the goat. They raised wheat and flax, apples, pears and plums. From the 
flax they spun and made linen garments, which were worn in addition to those 
made of fur. Earthenware vessels were made and sometimes roughly orna- 
mented. Canoes were also in use. 

The Basques, who, to-day, occupy a secluded region in the Pyrenees, are 
probably of almost pure Iberian descent. 

Races of Mankind. 

Distinctions in form, color and physiognomy divide mankind into three 
great races, known as the Black, Yellow and White Races. 

The Black Race is also known as the Ethiopian, or Negro ; the Yellow as 
the Turanian, or Mongolian; the White as the Caucasian. 

These three races are not, however, distinctly marked off from each otht-r, 
but shade one into the other by insensible gradations. In almost any Ameri- 
can city may be seen all the variations from the pure white Caucasian to the 



jet-black negro ; yet the characteristics of each race are very persistent, and 
there has been no perceptible change within historic times. The paintings 
upon the oldest Egyptian monuments, erected five or six thousand years ago, 
reveal unchanged the almond eyes of the Mongolian, the regular features of 
the Caucasian, and the thick lips of the Ethiopian. 

The White Eace is, in every way, the most perfect and advanced, and is the 
only race which has played any great part in history, if we except a few 
Turanian nations. 

The Black Race. 

The Black Eace includes the negroes of Africa, the Papuans of New 
Guinea, and the Blacks of Australia. This race is composed, therefore, of 
two great divisions, the Negroid and the Australoid. 

The Yellow Race. 

The Yellow Race includes the Chinese, Japanese, and other kindred peoples 
of Eastern Asia; the Malays, who inhabit southeastern Asia and many of 
the Pacific islands : the Mongols, Tartars, and other nomads of Northern and 
Central Asia ; the Turks, the Hungarians, the Finns, the Lapps, and the 
ancient Iberians of Europe; the Esquimaux and the American Indians. 
Although some of the Y^ellow, or Turanian peoples, as lor instance the Chi- 
nese and Hungarians, have made considerable progress in civilization, still, 
as a rule, they have made but little advance in the arts and in general cul- 
ture, perhaps through lack ol favoring circumstances. Even their languages 
seem stunted in their growth. They are called agglutinative, because they 
are made up merely of monosyllables or of these "stuck together," as it were. 

Peoples of the Yellow Race in the remotest times spread themselves not 
only, as we have seen, over Europe, but also over almost all Asia and North 
and South America. They seem to have been the finst-comers to almost every 
new part of the world. 

The White Eace. 

The White Race is divided into three great families of nations. They are 
the Hamitic Family, the Semitic Family, and the Aryan Family. These 
families owe their origin respectively to Noah's three sons — Ham, Shem, and 
Japheth. 

The Hamiiky Family. 

To the Hamitic Family belonged the Egyptians, one of the very oldest of 
the nations of antiquity, the Libyans and the Ethiopians. 

The Semitic Family. 

To the Semitic Family belong the ancient Hebrews as well as the modern 
Jews; the Arabs; the Canaanites. of whom we read in the Bible, and the 
ancient Chaldeans, Assyrians, Babylonians, and Phienicians. 



The Aryan Family. 

The Ar^'an Family is divided into five branches : 

The first, the Indo-L-anic Branch, takes in the Hindoos and the ancient 
Medes and Persians, two important old-time nations. 

The Grceco-Italie Branch included the Greeks and Romans, whose history 
will mainly occupy our study during the year. 

The Cellic Branch was made up of the Gauls or Celts, who are represented 
to-dav by the Irish, the Welsh, the Scotch Highlanders, and the Bretons of 
Brittany in France. 

The Teutonic Branch was composed of the Goths, or German tribes. Their 
modern descendants are tlie Swedes, Norwegians, Danes, Higli and Low Ger- 
mans, tlie English and their descendants in America. 

The Slavonic Branch includes the Russians, Poles, and otliers. 



Bla( K Race 



Yellow Race.. 



OUTLINE OF THE RACES. 

Negroes of Africa. 
Papuans of New Guinea. 
Blacks of Austrjflia. 

f Chinese and kindred nations. 

Malays. 

Tartars, Mongols, and other nomads. 

Turks. 

Hungarians. 
! Finns. 
I Lapps. 

Esquimaux. 
I American Indians. 
[ Ancient Iberians. 

f r Egyptians. 

Hamitic Family. < Libyans. 

( Ethiopians. 
f Chaldeans. 
Assyrians. 
I Babylonians. 
Semitic Family .. -{ Canaanites. 
Phoenicians. 
I Hebrews. 
I Arabs. 

White Race ■[ \ rHindoes. 

I Indo-Iranic Branch. < Medes. 
I ( Persians. 

I Gru^co-Italic Branch | Romans. 
Aryan Family... -| Celtic Branch { ^tauls.' 

„ ^ . n u i Goths,or Ger- 
Teutomc B.anch ^ ^an Tribes. 

„, . r> 1 f Russians. 

L Slavonic Branch | Poies, etc. 



II. 



OUR ARYAN ANCESTORS AND THEIR 
MIGRATIONS. 



About 3000 B. C, tlie Egyptians, in the valley of the Nile, and tlie Chal- 
deans, in the soutliern part of the valley of the Euphrates, were already very 
old and iiighly civilized nations, with strong governments and great cities, 
filled with temples and monuments. 

Europe, however, was still as wild as is, at present, the interior of Africa ; 
inhabited by the Iberians and the last of the wild people who had preceded 
them. 

The Aryan family of the white race was not yet divided into its five branches, 
but all were living together in Asia, in a beautiful country east of the Caspian 
Sea, which we shall call the Aryan Homestead. 

Just now, a feeling of great unrest seemed to take possession of the Aryans. 
They began to emigrate. 

The first body of them, who left the old home, moved south. For many 
hundreds of years afterward, these remained unseparated, having the same 
customs and the same worship ; but a religious dispute, finally, arose which 
caused them to divide into two bands. One, going east, reached the Indo coun- 
try and became the ancestors of the moilern Hindoos. The other, turning to 
the west, spread themselves over the Plateau of Iran, a plateau partly included 
in modern Persia. They became the ancestors of tiie Medes and Persians. 
The peoples of this first migration make what we call the Indo-Ikanic 
Bba.n'CH. 

Some time after the first emigration had taken place, another branch started 
out. It went around the southern end of the Caspian Sea, and, after hundreds 
of years, found itself on the western coast of Asia Minor. From here, a por- 
tion found their way across the sea, from island to island or by way of the 
Hellespont, to Greece, where they became the progenitors of the Cxreeks. The 
rest, also, crossed into Europe, but moved further to the west, and occupied 
Italy, where they became the Romans of after times. This is the Graeco- 
Italic Branch. 

Long after this the Celtic Branch left the Aryan home. It took a route 
diflferent from that of either of the preceding, and, passing north of the Cas- 
pian, leisurely, during the centuries that followed, made its way across the 



plains of wliat is now Russia until it came into modern Germany and France, 
either destroying or mingling with the Turanian Iberians, whom they found 
alread\' livin? there. 

The Celts were not, however, destined to forever enjoy their new lands in 
quiet, for in course of time their kinsfolks, the Germans, also decided to go 
West. Leaving the Aryan country, they slowly journeyed along the route 
that the Celts bad taken before them. When, at last, they reached the Celts 
in Central Europe, so many ages had passed, that they seem to have forgotten 
that they had ever belonged to the same family, for the Germans, pressing in 
on the first settlers, obliged them to flee to the westernmost edges of Europe, 
where we find them still. Some of the German tribe.s — the Angles, Saxons, 
and others — finally invaded England itself, settled it and remained there ; 
so that the English are descendants of the Germans. 

This invasion of England took place about five hundred years after the 
birth of Christ. Much of our English language is thus derived from that of 
the Germans. It is curious to note how the names of their gods still linger in 
our names for the days of the week. Woden was the All-father, correspond- 
ing to Zeus of the Greeks and Jupiter of the Romans, from whom we have 
W^oden's day, or Wednesday. Thor, the Thunderer, was the god of air and 
storm and rain. From him we have Thor's day, or Thursday. Freya, the 
fruitful goddess of peace and joy, gives us Freya-day, or Friday. Tieu was 
tlie dark god, to meet whom was death. From him we have Tieu's day, or 
Tuesday. Soetere, an obscure deity, gives us Soetere-day or Saturday. 
Eostere was the goddess of the dawn and of the spring. She lends her name 
to the Christian festival of the Resurrection, Easter. W^yrd was the death 
goddess, whose memory lingers in the word weird. 

The Aryan stock was not yet exhausted, for still another branch followed 
the Germans. They were the Slavs, who make the modern Russians and 
Poles. 

These different branches of Aryans coming into Europe, found the Mongo- 
lian Iberians before them, with whom they, everywhere, mingled to a greater 
or less degree. For this reason most of the modern European and American 
nations are descended partly from the Iberians and partly from the old Aryans. 
The Iberians were small and dark. The Aryans were fair in complexion and 
large in stature. In Greece, in Southern Italy, in Spain and Southern France, 
where the small, brunette Iberians were most numerous, as compared with the 
great, blonde Aryan invaders, the people are, still, mainly small in stature and 
dark in complexion. In Rnssia, in Norway and Sweden, where there were 
very few Iberians, the people still show the purity of their Aryan descent, in 
their fair complexion and large stature ; while in .Northern Italy, in Northern 
France, in Germany, in the Britisii Isles, and in America, the Iberian and 
Aryan statures and complexions are intermingled in endless variety. 

We must keep in mind, that these different migrations did not all take place 
at the same time or within a short period. They were made slowly, and, all 
together, nm.st have extended over a space of at least two thousand years. 
Each branch wandered, in a haphazard way, wherever it could find its route 



9 

most easily, settling down and living for years, perhaps centuries, in one place 
before moving farther. They drove before them tlieir flocks, carried with 
them all their possessions, and planted and raised their crops for food as they 
went. They had, when they started, no definite end in view, and the place of 
. final settlement was always determined by arising circunsstances. 

We must not think, either, of tiiese migrations as having ceased, even at the 
present time; for the Aryan nations of Europe are still pressing to the west 
and filling all America ; and here they are once more merging into one great 
family, somethina: as they were before any of them had left the old Arvan 
homestead east of the Caspian Sea. 

That the Aryan peoples had, in the beginning, this common origin, we 
have come to know from the careful comparative study of the root-forms of 
tlieir languages as well as of their early myths and legends, revealing the fact 
of a striking similarity. Thus, Jack the Giant-Killer, of the Cilermans, wear- 
ing his " seven leagued boots," is the same as the Greek Plermes and his winged 
sandals. While, again, the story of William Tell, of the northern nations; 
with his unerring aim, is but another version of the classic Apollo, stringing 
his "twanging bow.'' Still more strange is it that some of the nursery tales, 
familiar to the Hindoo children, are merely different renderings of those we 
were accustomed to hear in our own childhood. 

Taking single words — of which those for father, mother and brother are good 
examples — we find them occurring, with but little change of form, in several 
of the Aryan tongues. 

From this fascinating comparative study of myths and language we have 
been able to infer much with reference to the prehistoric culture and mode of 
life of the Aryans. We know that they personified and worshiped the Sun, 
the Dawn, Fire, the Winds and the Clouds, reverencing the all-embracing sky 
as the Heaven-Father. 

Thev were herdsmen and, .sometimes, farmers ; their wealth being reckoned 
in cattle, with the smaller domestic animals for small change ; it being they 
who first introduced the horse and the sheep into Europe. They kept bees, 
and, regretful to say, made an intoxicating drink from fermented honey. They 
cut their wheat with a sickel and had mills for grinding the grain into flour. 
For transporting their harvests they used rude wagons, fitted with wheels and 
axle-trees. The Aryan women could both sew and spin ; garments being 
woven out of sheep's wool. Leather was tanned and shoes of the same were 
worn. 

They built rough houses, and on the water were skillful in the management 
of their canoes and skiffs. They were warriors and knew something of the 
elements of astronomy and mathematics. 

Socially they had reached the stage where the family is the unit of society, 
the father being the priest and absolute lord of his house. Tenderness existed 
in the family relations, for the children received names expressive of endear- 
ment. The families, united, formed village communities, ruled by a chief or 
patriarch, who was assisted by a council of elders. 

" In these customs and beliefs of the early Aryans, we discover the germs 
9 



. 10 

of many of the institutions of the classical Greeks and Romans and of the 
nations of modern Europe. Thus, in the council of elders around the village 
patriarch, we have the beginnings of the senates of Greece and Rome, and 
the national parliaments of later times. 

" Just as the teachings of the parental roof mould the life and character of 
the children that go out from under its discipline, so have the influences of 
that early Aryan home shaped the habits, institutions, and character of those 
peoples and families that, as its children, went out from it to establish new 
homes in widely different parts of the world." 



III. 

EGYPTIAN HISTORY 



Antiquity of Egyptian History. 
As to when Egyptian History began, tliere is no means of certainly knowing 
althougli It is to Le hoped that future discoveries among the tombs and monu- 
ments of Egypt may yet reveal this fact more definitely. A leading historian 
places Menes, the first great king, 5700 years before Christ. Another thinks 
his date is about 2700 B. C. A number of others place him at different dates 
ranging between these two extremes. So far as the inscriptions on the ancieni 
monuments prove anything, they are in favor of ti.e older dates We shall 
have, therefore, to regard the time of Mene.' reign, or that of the be^innin^ 
ot Egyptian History, as uncertain. 

_ After Menes, in the long history that followed, there succeeded each other 
in Egypt, three great empires and thirty-one different dynasties or lines of 
kings. We can scarcely imagine how long must have been the space of time 
lequired for so much liistory to transpire. 



Menes. 



He, It seems, founded the city of Memphis at the head of tlie Delta the first 
capital ot Egypt. To secure it from the inundations of the Nile he built 
around it vast embankments of earth and other engineering works. ' In doinff 
this, It IS thought that he actually changed the original course of the Nile 
He was the first to bring together into one large state all tlie petty kin-doms 
that had previously existed in the Delta, forming what is known as the Old 
Empire, which lasted, under many different kings, for at least a thousand years. 

The Pyramid Kings, About 2700 B. C. 

Of the Old Empire, the first kings of no>e after Menes were (he Pyramid 
Kings, whose dynasty was the Fourtli. They reigned, most likely, about 2700 
B. C. They receive this name from the fact that they built the largest of the 
pyramids. Of them, Cheops was the builder of the Great Pyramid This is 
certain, for his name has been found upon some of the stones-painted on them 
by his workmen. 

The Pyramid Kings were cruPl oppressors of their people. Thousands of 
men were forced to labor in building these enormous piles of stone merely 



12 

to satisfy the proud ambition of the ruling Pharoah. When he died, his body 
was placed within ; tl:e passage-way which led to the sepulcher was closed by 
sliding granite portcullises and every trace of the opening so skillfully 
covered that it was impossible to tell where the entrance Avas. According to 
Herodotus, Cheops employed on the Great Pyramid one hundred thousand 
men for twent}' years 

On account of their oppression, so hateful to the people was the memory of 
these kings tha'. even two thousand years afterward, when Herodotus visited 
the country, the Egyptians did not like to speak the names of the builders of 
the two largest pyramids. The statues of Khafra, the builder of the second 
pyramid, have been discovered, broken into small pieces, at the bottom of a 
well in a temple near the Sphinx, into wliich, it is conjectured, they were 
thrown by the enraged people, perhaps long after his death. 

Queen Nitocris. 

Among the dynasties, following the Pyramid Kings is the Sixth in which 
lived the partly mythical Queen Nitocris, the original Cinderella. 
Pepi was another great ruler of this dynasty. 

The Twelfth Dynasty, About 2300 B. C. 

Under the Twelfth Dynasty, which ruled about 2300 B. C, we find that 
Memphis has ceased to be the capital, and that Thebes, farther up the valley, 
is now the reigning city. The Twelfth Dynasty is therefore a line of Theban 
kings. 

Particularly interesting monuments, made in the time of these kings, are 
the rock-hewn sepulchers of Beni Plassan. From the sculptures and paintings 
on the walls of these tombs we learn that the Egyptians were, at this time, 
acquainted with the manufacture of linen, glass, cabinet work, gold orna- 
ments, and many other things which indicate art and refinement. The paint- 
ings also reveal the customs and employments of the age. We might call 
these rock-chambers picture books of the life of the times. 

Several of the monarchs of this dynasty bore the name Usertasen ; various 
others that of Amenemliat. They seem to have been gno I rulers as well as 
very powerful kings, taking a real interest in the welfare of the people they 
governed. Under them the empire of the Pharaohs was extended far up the 
Nile valley to beyond the second cataract. 

The style of their architecture was grand and chaste. In the pillars of the 
tombs of Beni Hassan may be seen the elements of the Greek Doric style. 

The Shepherd Kings, About 2100 B. C. 

Soon after the period of the Twelfth Dynasty the power of Egypt greatly 
declined, and the kingdom even seems to have been broken up into many 
smaller states. Wandering shepherd tribes from Syria, in Asia, took the 
opportunity to invade the country and, taking posession of the fine pasture 



13 

lands of the Delta, gradually established their power over the whole of Egypt. 
These "Tartars of the South," as they may have been called, were violent 
and barbarous, and at first destroyed or mutilated the monuments of the con- 
quered Egyptians. But gradually they were changed by the civilization they, 
found existing around them, and in time they adopted ihe manners, customs, 
and culture of the Egyptians, when they seem to have set tlieniselves to the 
work of restoring the monuments they had broken, and of erecting new 
structures. 

It was probably at this time that Joseph was sold into Egypt, and that 
Jacob with his otiier sons came to live in the countrv. 

At last, after the intruders had ruled Egypt four hundred years — some say 
two hundred — they were driven back to Asia by the Theban kings, who had 
retreated into Ethiopia. The rule of the Shepherd kings makes what is 
known as the Middle Empire. 

The New Empire, 1650—527 B. C. 

The Thebin who led the revolt against the Shepherd kings was Amosis, 
who now becomes the first of the restored Theban kings and the founder of 
the New Empire. His dynasty, the Eighteenth, was jtrobably one of the 
greatest race of rulers that ever reigned upon the earth. To it bt longed 
Thothmes III and Amunoph III. 

Thothmes III, 1600 B. C. 

Thothmes, remarkable to say, e.xtended the empire hundreds of miles into 
Asia, until it reached the Euphrates and Tigris rivers. He is " the Alex- 
ander of Egyptian history." But not only was he a mighty conqueror, he 
was also a magnificent builder. There was scarcely a city in all the land of 
Egyi)t in wliich he did not erect a temple, a palace, or an obelisk. One of 
his obelisks, formed of a single piece of granite, making one of the largest 
worked stones in the world, has been transported across the ocean, and now 
stands a curious relic in the Central Park of New York city At Thebes is 
to be seen the most majestic ruin in the world ; it is that of the wonderful 
Temple of Karnak, the greater part of which was built I)y Thothnies, although 
for five hundred years after his time six succeeding kings continued to add 
to it 

Amunoph III, 1550 B.C. 

Amunoph rivaled Thothmes both in his wars and in his buildings. It is 
supposed that he erected the celebrated Vocal Memnon. 

The Nineteenth Dynasty, About 1-100-1280 B. C. 

The Nineteenth Dynasty rivaled the Eighteenth in greatness. The second 
king belonging to it was Seti I. He erecteil in the Teiuple of Karnak the 
world-renowned " Hall of Coluiuns," perhaps the most iinpressive edifice ever 



14 

reared by man. He also began a canal to connect the Red Sea with the Nile. 
Among his conquests, that of the Hittites, a great people in Asia, was most 
remarkable. 

Rameses II, 1370-1320 B. C. 

Rameses finished the canal begun by his father, Seti. He was as great a 
conqueror as Thothmes III, his wars being, principally, directed against the 
Hittite.5, a powerful people who inhabited the valley of the Euphrates ; but 
he evidently failed to subdue them, for we find, in the end, that he makes a 
treaty with them and marries the daughter of the Ilittite king. 

The descendants of Jacob, who had come to Egypt several hundred years 
before, in the time of the Shepherd Kings, had now so increased in numbers 
that they formed a great people. Rameses makes them into slaves and fear- 
fully oppresses them, so that under the reign of his son Menephtha, about 
1300 B. C, they leave Egypt and are led by Moses, after forty years of wan- 
dering, to Palestine. This departure of the Israelites from Egypt is known 
as the E.xodus, the story of which is the most wonderful in all history. 

The must interesting recent discovery in Egypt is that of the finding of the 
royal mummies of Seti and Rameses. They are now in the Gizeh Museum, 
the faces of both being so well preserved that " were their subjects to return to 
earth lo-day they could not fail to recognize their old sovereigns." Photo- 
graphs of them have been made, and are to be seen in all parts of the civilized 
world; so that, strange as it may seem, we can now look on the pictured face 
of the man who, over three thousand years ago, oppressed the Hebrews, the 
Pharaoh whose daughter drew tlie infant Moses from among the rushes of the 
Nile. 

PsAMMETici's I, 666-6J2 B. C. 

We pass without comment a period of decline, lasting through six hundred 
years, when, in the TAventy-sixth Dynasty, we find Psammeticus King of 
Egypt ; the country having been, during the latter part of this decline, subject 
by turns to Ethi ipia and Assyria. 

Up to this time the Egyptians had not allowed foreigners to enter or trade 
in the Nile valley. It had been the custom either to put to death or to reduce 
to slavery strangers who ventured into the country. But Psammeticus threw 
open his kingdom to the commerce and influences of the world, greatly to the 
scandal of his subjects. His capital, Sais in the Delta, was full of Greek citi- 
zens, and Greek soldiers were employed in his armies. This liberal policy 
resulted in great advantage to foreign nations, not only in a commercial way, 
but in imparting to them the learning and culture of the Egyplians. Greece 
was especially benefited in this way. But it brought heavy mi.'sfortune on 
Egypt. Displeased wtih the position assigned the Greek soldiers in the army, 
two liundred thousand of the Egyptian soldiery emigrated in a body to Ethio- 
pia, whence no inducement that Psammeiicus wa-; able to ofler could persuade 
them to return. 



Pharaoh Necho, 612-596 B. C. 

The son of Psammeticus was Pharaoh Necho, who followed the liberal 
policy of his father. He attempted to reopen the old Red Sea canal, dug by 
Seti and Rameses, intending to make it both much wider and deeper, so that 
it would Hoat his largest ships. But the work was very unhealthful, and after 
losing from sickness one hundred and twenty thousand men who had been 
employed upon the work, he was forced to abandon it. 

The Last of the Pharaohs. 

Amasis, whose dates are 571-52V B C, was the last great Pharaoh. Egypt 
under him enjoyed a period of unusual prosperity. Diodorus says that the 
valley held, at this time, eighteen thousand cities. 

In 340 B. C. tlie Persians, under Artaxerxes III, made their final con<iuest 
of the country, and from that time to our own day no native prince has sat 
upon the throne of the Pharaohs. Long before this the Prophet Ezekiel, 
foretelling the destruction of Egypt, as fecorded in the Bible, had declared : 
" There shall be no more a prince of the land of Egyi^t." The prophecy was 
literally fulfilled. 

When Alexander invaded the East, in 333 B. C, Egypt willingly submitted 
to him. From Alexander's time to 30 B. C, when it became a part of the 
Roman Empire, Egypt was governed by the Ptolemies, a line of princes of 
Macedonian origin, descended from one of Alexander's generals, Ptolemy, who 
obtained cont.ol of the country on the death of Alexander, the last of the 
Ptolemies being the notorious queen, Cleopatra. 



IV. 
CHALD.EAN HISTOKY 



We no^v coir.e to the history of the nations who lived in the valley of the 
Tigris and Euphrates. 

The lower part of the valley, like the Nile Delta, was formed by the sedi- 
ment deposited by the rivers. It is tlierefore perfectly level, without stone, 
and inexhaustibly fertile. The climate, however, like that of Egypt, is almost 
rainless, and water can only be supplied to the soil by irrigation. Anciently 
the waters of the Tigris and Euphrates were distributed to every part by a 
stupendous system of canals and ditches, which at the present day, in a .eand- 
choked and ruined condition, spread like a perfect network over the face of 
the country. The most of this region is now barren for want of water. It 
needs only the rebuilding of its waterways to restore it to its old time fertility. 

The Chald.eans. 

The first nation to rise and flourish in this lower part of the valley, the 
Sliinar of the Bible, was that of the Chald;eans. Their first ancestors, the 
Accadians, are supposed to have settled there as early as 4000 B. C, which 
may have been about the time of Menes in Egypt, They were a Turanian 
people, fairly well civilized, who possessed the art of hieroglyphical writing. 
This writing was done upon clay tablets, which formed their books. 

After the Accadians had been some lime in the valley a much less cul- 
tured Semitic people invaded their territory and settled among them. Erom 
this mingling came the Lhaldteans. 

Sargon I, 3800 B. C. 

Just as Menes was the founder of the Egyptian monarchy, so Sargon was 
the first great King of the Chaldiuans. His story, obtained from an old 
Chaldiean tablet, is very much like that of Moses in after times. The inscrip- 
tion tells that his mother placed him when an infant in an ark of bulrushes 
covered with bitumen, and left him to float down the Euphrates. A kind- 
hearted water-currier found him, however, and reared him as his own son. 
He built up a powerful state and extended his dominion far westward to the 
Mediteri anean. But it is chiefly for his learning and as a patron of literature 
that we honor him to-day. The original Accadian language of the country 



17 

was ceasing to be used. Sargon therefore translated all the writings of the 
Arcadians into the language then in use — the Semitic — and placed the clay 
tablets thus made in great libraries which he established or enlarged. These 
were (he oldest and most valuable libraries of the ancient world ; formed, we 
must remember, 5700 years ago. 

Urea, 2S(/0 B. C. 

Passing by a whole thousand years, witii all its history, we find, in 2800 
B. C, a mighty king. Urea, by name, reigning over C'lialdtea. His capital 
city was Ur, where Abraham, eight hundred years afterward, was born. Urea 
is noted particularly for the many and wonderf-1 tower temples he built. 
From the prodigious size and number of his works, we may infer ihat he 
either oppressed his people, compelling them to labor as did the Pyramid 
Kings of Egypt, or thai, as a comiueror, he set to the task of building the 
captives of his numerous wars. 

Elamite Dyxas;ty, began '■Z2S<i B. C. 

About five hundred years after Urea, the kings of Elim, a country just east 
of Chaldiea conquered it and held it in subjection for two or three centuries. 
When the conquest took place all the statues of the Chaldiean gods were car- 
ried away from the tower temples by the conquerors to Elim, where they were 
found by ;in Assyrian king more than sixteen hundred years afterward. 

Chedorlaomer, 2000 B. C. 

Chedorlaomer was the most remarkable man among the kings of the 
Elamite dynasty. From the Bible we learn that he lived at the same time 
with Abraham. Chedorlaomer was the forerunner of Oriental conquerors. 
His idea was to build up an empire, extending from the hills of Persia to the 
Mediterranean sea. In this he partly su' ceeded. In one of his expeditions 
to the west lie carried off Lot, the nephew of Abraham, who was then living 
in the fertile and beautiful valley of the .Jordan. Abraham, who was only a 
few miles off' pasturing his herds on the hills of Palestine, as soon as he heard 
of the capture started in pursuit, entirely defeated the mighty Chedorlaomer, 
and triumphantly brought back Lot, with all his possessions. 

Overthrow of the Chald.ean Empire, 1300 B. C. 

It was several centuries after this, when, after having existed for over two 
thousand years, the Chaldrean empire was, in 1300 B. C, overthrown by 
Tiglathi-nin, leader of the Assyrians, who had for a long time been slowly 
growing up in the north. From this time, Chaklaja was a dependency of 
Assyria 



THE ASSYRIAN MONARCHY 



Rising on the ruins of the Chaldean, the Assyrian monarcliy was the second 
to rise in the Tigris-Euphrates Valley ; having, hovvever, the seat of its power 
^n the north rather than in the south. 

TiGLATH-PlLESER I, 1130-1110 B. C. 

The first Assyrian king of note lived about two centuries after the conquest 
of Chalda?a by Tiglathi-nin. He was Tiglath-Pileser I, who extended his 
conquests as far west as to the Mediterranean ; and constructed, as a builder, 
miglity temples to his gods. His history has been revealed in the discovery 
of his own inscriptions. 

TKil.ATH PiLESER II, 745-727 B. C. 

Omitting again the story of many centuries, during which there lived 
mighty kings with long queer names, who cruelly conquered vast territories 
and built magnificent and beautiful cities, we find Tiglath-Pileser II reigning, 
he being the founder of a new dynasty. What renders the reign of this king 
a landmark, not only in Assyrian, but, we may almost say, in universal history, 
is the fact that he was not a mere conqueror like his predecessors, but a polit- 
cal organizer of gi-eat capacity. Up to this time conquered states and cities 
were made tributary but allowed to keep their native princes or kings, who, 
of course, were apt to revolt whenever opportunity presented itself. He, how- 
ever, introduced the plan of placing, as governors over conquered states, men 
of his own choosing, on whom he could depend to keep the provinces in sub- 
jection. The modern "spoils system" in politics is really an adaptation of 
Pileser's scheme of government. 

S.^RGOX, 722-705 B. C. 

Soon after Tiglath-Pileser II came Sargon, who, in one of his conquests, 
carried the Ten Tril)es of Israel captive from Palestine to beyond the Tigris. 
Here the larger part of the captives were distributed among the cities of Me- 
dia, and probably became, for the most part, merged with the population of 
that province. 



19 

Sennachekib. 705-681 B. C. 

Sennaclierib was the most renowned of all the Assyrian monarchs. He it 
was who made an expedition against King Hezekiah of Jerusalem, the account 
of which is very graphically told in the Bible. While Sennacherib was boast- 
fully besieging Jerusalem, the king of Egypt marched to aid Hezekiah. This 
caused Sennacherib to draw off his forces to meet the new enemy ; but, when 
near the frontiers of Egypt, the Assyrian host, according to the Bible account, 
was smitten by "the angel of the Lord" and a hundred and eighty-five thou- 
sand of Sennacherib's army were found dead in a single night. This obliged 
the proud monarch to return without glory, with the remnant of his force, to 
his capital, Nineveh, Avhere, after some years devoted to the internal improve- 
ment of his kingdom, he was finally assassinated by his two elder sons. 

EsARHADDON I, 680-668. 

Esarhaddon, the youngest son of Sennacherib, drove the parricides out of 
the country and became the successor of his father. He was a great builder 
and a great warrior. He even penetrated Central Arabia, capturing its desert- 
guarded citie<; a feat, probably, never aci'omplished by any other conqueror. 
He advanced, at another time, into Egypt to the very gates of Thebes. He 
was succeeded by his son Asshur-bani-pal. 

ASSHUR-BANI-PAL, 668-626 B. C. 

Asshur-bani-pal was a magnificent patron of art and literature. Under his 
inspiration a great literary enthusiasm sprung up at Nineveh, and within the 
walls of his palace in that city was collected the largest and most important 
of Assyrian libraries. A large portion of this library, amounting to perhaps 
ten thousand clay tablets, has been unearthed. 

This king was also a fierce warrior. All the scenes of his sieges and battles 
he had sculptured on the walls of his palace at Nineveh. These pictured 
panels are now in the Bi-itish Museum. They form a perfect Iliad in stone. 

Destructiox of ASSYRI.4.N Empire, 606 B. C. 

Soon after the death of Asshur-bani-pal the Babylonians revolted, and, 
with the Medes, overthrew the Assyrian Empire, afcer it had existed for 
seven hundred years. The glorious city, Nineveh, was destroyed, and only 
two hundred years afterward it was a crumbling mass of ruins of which the 
very name had been forgotten. The Babylonian Empire now came to the 
front. 



VI. 
GREEK HISTORY. 



Draw a map of Greece. To be done with particular care and accuracy, 
placing in it each item of topography found in the following table. 

THE LAND. 

The whole of ancient Greece was not quite the size of Maine and New 
Hampshire laken together. It lay between 36° and 40° north latitude. 
Athens lies directly east of the most southern point of Maryland. 



Northern Greece included 
the states of — 



Central Greece 
the states of — 



included 



Southern Greece, known 
as the Peloponnesus and 
called the " Citadel of -| 
Hellas," included the 
states of — 



f Thes'-saly, 

t E-pi'-rus (about the size of New Hampshire 

f .-V-car-nri'-nia, 

A-l-UY -ha., 
I Pho'-cis, 
] Do'-ris, 
I Bt¥^-o-tia, 
I At^-tica, 
[ Lo^-cris. 
f Ar-ca'-dia, ] 

A-cha'-i-a, 

Ar'-go-lis 

Mes-se'-nia(aboutlhe size 
of Massaciiusetts), ]- 

La-c6'-nia, I 

Sicy-o'-ni-a(sish-i-<J'-nia) 

Co-rin'-thi-a, I 

[ EMis. J 



Modern name: Mo- 
rea, which means 
" mulberry leaf." 
It is also called 
the " Switzerland 
of Greece." 



Mountains. 

Cam-bii'-ni-an Range (northern mountain wall); 
Pin'-dus Range (Backbone of Greece) ; 

Mt-g!;f' I Giant piled; 
Mt. Pe^-li-on, J ' ' 

(iy-ta Range (second mountain wall) ; 

Mt. Par-nas'-sus, | ^^^^^^^ ^^ ^,,^ ^ 

Mt. Her-i-con, I 

Mt. Ci-thse'-ron ; 

Mt. Pen-teP-i-cus (marble) ; 

Mt. Hy-met'-tus (honey) ; 

Mountains of .'\r-cri'-di-a; 

Ta-yg'-e-tus Mountains (ta-ig-e-tus) ; 

Mt. O-lym'-pus. 



21 



Islands. 



Eu-boe'-a. 


Spor'-a-des Islands. 


Thracian Islands. 


Crete. 




Pat'-mos. 


Sam-o-thra^-ce, 
Lem^-nos, 


Oyc'-la-des Islanda. 


Asia Minor Islands. 


Im^-bros, 


De'-los, 




Rhodes, 


Tha'-sos. 


Me^-los, 




Sa^'-mos, 




Nax^-os, 




Chi^s, 


Ionian Islands. 


Pa'-ros. 




Les^-bos, or Mit-y-le'-ne. 


Cor-cy^-ra, 
Ith^-a-ca, 


Thessalian Islands. 






Ceph-al-le^-ni-a, 
Cy-the^-ra. 



Rivers. 

Ache-lo'-us, 
Pe''-nens, 
Sper-chl^-us, 
Ce-pliis''-sus Major, 
Ce-phis'-sus Minor. 



A-s6'-pus, 
I-lis^-sus, 
Al '-pheus, 
Eu-ro'tas. 



Lakes. 

Co-pfi'-is (catabothras), 
^ Stym-phfi'-lus (stymphalades). 



Cities. 



Athens, 

Thebes, 

DeP-phi (an oracle), 

Do-do'-na (an oracle), 

Ar'-gos, 

Cor^-inth, 



Spar'-ta, 

O-lym'-pia, 

Troy, 

Eph'-esus, 

Mi-le'-tus, 

Hal-i-car-nas'-sus, 

Rhodes. 



Famous Battlefields. 



Ther-mop^-y-l£e, 480 B. C, 
Mar^-a-thon, 490 B. C, 
SaP-a-mis, 480 B. C, 
Ch»r-o-ne'-a, 338 B. C, 
Pla-te'-a, 479 B. C. 



Leuc'-tra, 371 B. C, 
Man^-ti-ne-a, 362 B. C, 
Myc^-a-le, 479 B. C, 
^E^-gos Pot^-a-mi, 40G B. C, 



o 
o 

o 

H 

O 

I— I 

H 
P 
O 

f^ 
I— ( 

pq 




Sr3 o 





H 






S 


o 






S 




!U 


o 


Oi 




a tJ 


IB 


o 


H 




M 




a 



M -" ■ 


--H^ 




^'ll 


aS = gS 
oc a g o 


^ 


<» ai " a 2 




« as 




(U '" 
























5 go a'to 



a 


3 


3 




K 


A 








,— , 


«J3 




'■'? 


W 


■^ 












S! 




o 


■a 


^"^ 


O 


be so 




^o"e: 






HH a a* o 



a 

j= a"" at; 

:< s !? u 




"OS" 



O ^ iJ3 
C.O'— 

o =s 

o 



23 



AKCHITECTUKE, SCULPTURE, PAINTING. 

Greek Artists. 

Painters. Sculptors. 

Po-lyg'-no-tus, p. 303, PhicK-i-as, p. 296, 

Zeux^-is, p. 302, Poly-cle^-tus, p. 298, 

Par-rha'-si-us, p. 302, Prax-it'-e-les, p. 298, 

A-peF-les, p. 303. Ly-sip^-pus, p. 300. 

Cha^-res, p. 600. 



GREEK LITERATURE. 

Early Poets. 

Ho^-mer, p. 306, 
He^-si-od, p. 309, 
Pin'-dar, p. 309. 

Dramatists. 
Tragic Poets. Comic Poet. 

Ji]s-chy^-lus, p. 314, Ar-is-toph'-an-es, p 317. 

Soph^-o-cles, p. 314, 
Eu-rip^-i-des, p. 314. 

Historians. 

He-rod ''-o-tus, p. 318, 
Thu-cyd'-i-des, p. 320, 
Xen'-o-phon, p. 321. 

Orators. 

The-mis^-to-cles, p. 322, 
Per'-i-cles, p. 322, 
^s'-chi-nes, p. 324. 

Later Writers. 

Po-lyb^-i-us, p. 325, 
Di-o-do^-rus, p. 326, 
Plu'-tarch, p. 326. 
Septuagint Version made, p. 325, 



24 



GREEK PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE. 
Philosophers. 

Py-thag'-oras, p. 329, 
A-nax-ag^-oras, p. 330, 
The Soph'-ists, p. 331, 
Soc'-ra-tes p. 332, 
Pla'-to, p. 334, 
Ar-is4ct^-le, p. 325, 
Ze^-no, p. 337, 
Ep-i-cii'-rus, p. 339, 
Pyr'-rho, p. 339. 

Scientists. 

Stra'-bo, p. 344, 
Pau-sa'-ni-as, p. 344, 
Hip-poc'-ra-tes, p. 344. 



25 



PERSONAGES WHO LIVED BEFORE THE TIME OF THE 
SUPREMACIES. 

Ho'-mer (Epic Poet), flourished middle of 9th or 10th century B. C, p. 306. 

Iliad, Odyssey. 
He-^siod (Epic Poet), 800 B. C, p. 309. 

Works and Days, Theogony. 
580 B. C. Py-thag'-or-as (Philosopher), 500 B. C, p. 329. 

" The earth is a sphere and revolves around a center." 
522 B. C. Pin^-dar (Greatest Lyric Poet), 443, p. 309. 



Gi^^el^ S^|)i^errj^Gi^^ 



ATHENIAN SUPREMACY. 


SPARTAN SUPREMAC 


478 


Al yrs. 431. 


% \\ 


404 33 yrs. 


475 


1 Coronea. 447. 

459 Pericles. 431. 
Euled 2S yrs. 

Polygnotus. 455. P. 302. 
(Painter). 




488.... 


....Phidias (Sculptor). 432. P. 296. ^ \% 
Parthenon Sculptures. 








Zeuxis (Pain 


ter). About 400. P. 302. 




452 Polycletus 
(Sculptor). 

" The Rule." 
Eschylus 456. P. 314. 


Grapes. 
412. P. 298. 

Parrhasius (Pai 
Qnrlain. 




325 A 


nter). About 400. P. 302. 



(Tragic Poet). 
Prometheus Bound. Persce. 



444 Aristophanes (Comic Poet) 380. 

Clouds. K' nights. Birds. Wnsps. 



495 Sophocles (TragicPoet) L..405. P. 315. 

CEdipus. Antigone. 

485 Euripides (Tragic Poet). 406, P. 316. 

484 Herodotus (Father of History). 402 P. 318. 

i 
I 

471 Thucydides. (History of Peloponnesian War .) 400. P. 320. 

445 iXenophon (Historian). P. 321, 



R 



499 Anaxagoras (Philosopher). 427. P. 330 

" Reason rules the world." 



etreat of Ten Thousand. 



469. 



.Socratea (Philosopher 399. P. 332. 

429 Plato 



About 460 Hippocrates (Physician). P. 344. 
" Father of Medicine." 



lBio^A|)kiq^l O^flir^e. 



THEBAN SUPREMACY. \ PERIOD OF WORN-OUT STATES. MACEDONIAN SUPREMACY. 



371 9 yrs. 362. 



ra. 371. 



Mantin- 



362. 



24 yi-s. 



338. I 338 Philip. 336. Alexander. 323. 



ea. 362. 



( haerone a 338. 



2 yrs. 



13 yrs. 



Praxiteles (Sculptor). 

Venuii de Medici. 
me to Athens about 3715. P. 298. 



Apelles (Painter), P. 303. 
" Cobbler, slick to your last." 



er). P. 332. 



Lysippus. P. 300 

Portrait Sculptor \ to Alexander. 

.Demosthenes (Orator). [P. 322 

Phillipics. 



.322 



.J^.schines (Orator). P. 3 



24. 



.Diogenes (Cynic). P. 338. 
Tub. 



362, 



Zeno 

" Be virtuous be 



.324. 



(Stoic). P. 337... 
ca.use you ought to be. 



342 1 Epicurus. P. 339.. 

" Be virtuous because it will make you happy." 



360... 



..Py 

Ihe 



.355. 



.348. 



Aristotle (Philosopher] 

Teacher of Alexander. 



P. 335 



rrho (Skeptic). P. 339., 
Greek Thomas." 



264. 



.270. 



...270. 




322. 



27 



PERSONAGES WHO LIVED AFTER THE TIME OF THE 
SUPREMACIES. 

Eu'-clid (Geometrician), about 300 B. C, p. 342. 
" There is no royal road to Geometry." 
287 B. C. Ar-chi'-me-des (Mathematician), 212 B. C, p. 340. 
" Eureka." 
Cha'-res (Sculptor), about 280 B. C, p. 300. 
" Colossus of Rhodes." 
203 B. C. Po-lyb^-i-us (Historian), 121 B. C, p. 325. 
"History of Roman Conquests." 
Di-o-do'-rus (Historian), about the time of the birth of Christ, 
p. 326. 

" General History of the World" 
m B. C Stra'-bo (Geographer), 24 A. D., p. 344. 

Plu^-tarch (Biographer), born 40 A. D., p. 326. 

Plutarch's " Lives." 
Pau sa/-nius (Traveller), 2d century A. D., p. 344. 
" Tour of Greece." 



Chaldka. 



Old Empire. 

Menes (date doubtful) Semites enter 4000 

Sargon 3800 

Urea 2800 

Pyramid Kings, 4th Dynasty 2700 

Twelfth Dynasty 2300 

Middle Empire. 

Shepherd Kings, 17th Dynasty 2100 

1650 
New Empire. 

Amosis, 18th Dynasty 1650 

Thothmes III 1600 

Amunoph III 1550 

Setil, 19th Dynasty 1398 

Rameses II 1370 

Menephlhah 1320 



Assyria. 



i:t 






Elamite Dynasty began 2286 

Chedorlaomer 2000 



Psanimetichus, 26th Dynasty... 666-612 

Pharaoh Necho 612 

I 
I 

590 
Amasis 571-527 

Latter History. 

Dependency of Persia, 27th Dynasty 527 



Native prince-i restored, 2S</i-30rt 
Dynasties 404 



340 
Final Persian Conquest, Slsl Dynasty 340 
Alexander conquers Egypt 332 

Ptolemies begin to reign 323 

Ptolemy Philadelphus 285 

(Manetho, Historian) 



Overthrown 1300 



Old Empire. 

Tifflathi Nin 1300 

Tiglath Plleser 1 11.30-1110 

New Empire. 

Tiglath Plleser II 74.5-727 

Sargon 722-705 

Sennacherib 705-681 

Esarhaddonl 680-668 

Assur-bani-pal 668-626 

Sarant.s, oi^erthrown 606 



Na. 



Ne 

Nt 



Conquest of Country by Romans 
and death of Cleopatra 30 



TOIPIO^I-. I?.E^I-BA?V P^A.I^A.ILiI-.Erj. 



lABYLONIA. 



Hebrews. 



Abraham 2000 

Isaac, Jacob, .Foseph. 



Exodus 1300 

Judges 1300-1095 

Saul, David, Solomon 1095- 975 



Phcbnicia. 



Lydia. 



Phoenicians navigate 
Mediterranean 1500 



Sidon destroyed 1050 



issar ()25-G04 



Ten tribes carried captive 722 



idnezzar... 004-501 Judah carried captive 586 Nebuchadnezzar takes Tyre : 

Uus and 1555-538 ' I I f'rcesus 554-540 Cj rus 

^"'^^' ^ ' ' Cambyses... 

Pseudo Sme 
Darius I 



Xerxes 

Artaxerxes 

Ariax.fTX<-s 



Alexander destroys Tyre. 332 Darius III.. 



Greece. 



Rome, 



ans begin to emigrate 



3000 



First Greeks probably ar- 
rive 2000 



486 

m 

. 495 



659 
«n9 



Trojan war Ii94-li84 

Dorian invasion began 1104 

I'irst Archons in Athens... 1050 

Messpnian wars 750 



650 
Draco 620 

Cylon,612. Solon ,... 594 

Pisistratiis 560-527 



Hippias driven out 510 

Cleisthenes .^09 



1st Persian expedition 492 

'2d Persian expedition 490 

.■^d Persian expedition... 480-479 

.Vtbenian supremacy 477-431 

Peluponnesian War 431-404 

Spartan supremacy 404 

Retreat of ten thousand I 

371 
Thebau supremacy 371-363 



338 I Philip conquers Greece 338 

336-3.S0 Alexander 336 



lionie fouuded 

Koraulus. 
Nunia Pompilius. 
Tullus Hostilius. 

Ancu.s Marcius. 



Lucius Tarquinius 616 

Servius Tullius. 
Lucius Tarquinius. 



Pvoiniblic formed 509 

Plebeians fii-st have tribunes 494 

Triple Alliance 493 

Decemviri 451 

Siege of Veil 406-396 

Gauls take Rome 390 

Liciniau Laws 367 

Publilian Law 339 

End of Latin War 338 

End of last Samnlte War. 290 

Hortensian Law 286 

War with Pyrrhus 281-275 

First Punic War 264-241 

Second Punic War 218-201 

Second Macedonian War"! 

War with Antiochus ! 2OO-I68 

Third Macedonian War. j 
Wars in the West. J 

Macedonia made a Roman province. ~| 

Corinth destroyed. ■>■ 146 

Carthage destroyed. J 

Reforms of the Gracchi 1.33-121 

War with Jugurtha.— Marius, Sulla 112-106 

Invasion of German tribes. Repulsed by Marius. 105-101 

Social War 90- 89 

First civil War, between Marius and Sulla 88- 83 

Ponipey against the pirates and in the east 67- 61 

rCwsar, ~1 

First triumvirates Pompey, > 60 

(Crassus. ) 

Ciesar's proconsulsuip in Gaul 58- 49 

Second civil War, between Pompey and Cwsar 49- 45 

C;esar made imperator 45 

Ciesar's assassination 44 

f Octavian,~j 

Second Iriuravirate -(Antony, v 43 

( Lepidus. I 






29 



CONTINUATION OF TOPICAL REVIEW FOR 
ROMAN HISTORY. 

Early Empire. 

(220 years.) 

'21 B. C. — 14 A. D. Augustus (Octavian), emperor. — •Virgil, Horace, Ovid, 

Livy (Golden Age). 
4 B. C. Christ born. — Diodorus. Strabo died 24 A. D. 

f Tiberius. 
Caligula. 

I Claudius. Conquest of Britain. 

\ Nero. Persecution of Chi'istians. — Seneca, Lucan, Plutarch. 
Vespasian. Destruction of Jerusalem, 70 A. D. 

I Titus. Pompeii and Herculaneuifi overwhelmed, 79 A. D. — Pliny. 

I Domitian. 

f Nerva. 

I Trajan. Tacitus, Younger Pliny, Quintilian, Juvenal (Silver Age.) 

] Hadrian. 

I Antoninus Pius. — Pausanias. 

I Marcus Anrelius. Pestilence, 166 A. D. Persecution of Christians. 

[ Commodus. 



A. D. 

14-96. 



98-193. 



A. D. 

193-235. 



270-275. 



Period op Transition. 

(85 years.) 

Septimius Severus. 

Caracalla. Edict of citizenship. 

Alexander Severus. 

Twenty-three different emperors follow, among whom are Va- 
lerian and 

Aurelian. — Zenobia, queen of Palmyra. 

The emperors of this period have been called the " Barrack Em- 
perors. 



Latter Empire. 

(190 years.) 

Where, during this period, two emperors rule jointly they have 
been called " Partnership Emperors." 
384-305. Diocletian and Maximian. 

Several others until 314 A. D. 
314-323. Constantine and Licinius. 

323-337. Constantine sole emperor. Adopts Christianity. Makes Con- 
stantinople his capital. Council of Nicsea, 325 A. D. 
Constantius. 
Julian. 
337-395. I Valentinian I and Valens. * 

Gratian and Theodosius. — Goths cross the Danube, 376. 
. Theodosius, sole emperor, 392 A. D. — 395 A. D. 



30 



95-408. 
395-423. 



423-455. 



476. 
476. 



Division of the empire under : 

Arcadius in the east ; Riifinus, prime adviser; 

Honorius in the west ; Stilocho, prime adviser. 

Alaric's first invasion, 402 A. D. 

Vandals invade Gaul, 406 A. D. 

Alaric's second invasion, 408 A. D. 
Valentinian III. -.Etius, prime adviser. — Boniface, 

Vandals cross from Spain to Africa, 429 A. D. 

Angles and Saxons begin to invade Britain, 449 A. D. 

Invasion of Gaul by Attila. Defeated by ^tius, 451 A. D. 

Death of Attila, 453 A. D. 

Occupation and plunder of Rome by Creiseric, the Vandal, from 
Africa, 455 A. D. 

Vandal empire in the western Mediterranean, 455-477 A. D. 

Count Ricimer in Rome, 455-472 A. D. 
Romulus Augustulus, last Roman emperor. 
Empire of the west broken up. 



i. 



